When is hpv vaccine effective

Vaccination strategies. Cervical cancer screening. Table 1. Results Base-case analysis Both models projected greater health benefits and higher total costs as the upper age of vaccination increased. Table 2. Sensitivity analysis We conducted a number of sensitivity analyses Tables 3 and 4. Table 3. Table 4. Discussion This comparative analysis evaluated the cost-effectiveness of increasing the upper age limit for HPV vaccination utilizing 2 well-validated and comprehensive modeling platforms.

Supporting information. HPV, human papillomavirus. S1 Text. Model details, input parameters, model calibration, and validation results. References 1. J Natl Cancer Inst.

Effect of prophylactic human papillomavirus L1 virus-like-particle vaccine on risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2, grade 3, and adenocarcinoma in situ: a combined analysis of four randomised clinical trials. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases.

N Engl J Med. End-of-study safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18 recombinant vaccine in adult women 24—45 years of age. Br J Cancer. Lancet Infect Dis. A 9-valent HPV vaccine against infection and intraepithelial neoplasia in women. Arbyn M, Xu L. Efficacy and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccines. A Cochrane review of randomized trials. Expert Rev Vaccines.

Markowitz LE. HPV vaccines prophylactic, not therapeutic. American Cancer Society Guideline for human papillomavirus HPV vaccine use to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. CA Cancer J Clin. Human papillomavirus vaccination for adults: Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press; Papillomavirus Res. Life Tables. National Cancer Institute. A population-based study of human papillomavirus genotype prevalence in the United States: baseline measures prior to mass human papillomavirus vaccination.

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American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. J Low Genit Tract Dis. Diagnostic accuracy of human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomized studies. Gynecol Oncol. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Physician Fee Schedule.

Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule. Projections of the cost of cancer care in the United States: — The psychosocial impact of an abnormal cervical smear result. Toward consistency in cost-utility analyses: using national measures to create condition-specific values. Med Care. A population-based evaluation of cervical screening in the United States: — Human papillomavirus testing — Co-testing and triage utilization and impact on subsequent clinical management. Cervical excisional treatment of young women: a population-based study.

National Center for Health Statistics. National Survey of Family Growth. Ann Intern Med. Protection is expected to be long-lasting. In this section.

How does the HPV vaccine work? How was the vaccine tested? How effective is the vaccine? How, when and where is the vaccine given? Are there any side effects? Who should and should not have the vaccine? How much does it cost? In fact, testing is not recommended because it cannot show if the HPV vaccine will be effective or not. How long a vaccine will protect people is never known when the vaccine is first introduced.

Research will continue to look at how long protection against HPV lasts, and if booster shots will be needed. All of the HPV vaccines were tested in thousands of people around the world before they were approved. And they continue to be constantly monitored for safety.

So far, all studies show no deaths have been linked to any HPV vaccine. Common, mild side effects include headache, fever, nausea, and dizziness. Sometimes pain and redness can happen where the shot was given. As with any medication or injection, people may have an allergic reaction afterwards. Anyone who has a severe life threatening allergy to any ingredient in the HPV vaccine should not get the vaccine, including a severe allergy to yeast. Some people may faint after getting any vaccine, including HPV vaccines.

Fainting after getting a shot is more common in teens than in young children or adults. To keep people from getting hurt from fainting, a minute waiting period for people of all ages is recommended after any vaccination. Insurance plans will probably cover the HPV vaccine cost if it is given according to national guidelines. But check with your insurance plan to be sure.